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Last
updated:
July, 2004 |
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Pollution from Point Sources:
Iron- and non-iron metallurgy; Chemical industry; Mining; Electro-mechanical industry; Machine-tool industry; Mechanical engineering; Building materials industry; Oil refining; Light industry; Food industry,
were the maim air polluters in Georgia.
According to data provided by the former Central Statistic Department,
until 80-s emissions from point sources amounted to 30-34% of all emissions into the air.
80% of this amount were emitted from 9 large plants:
Thermal power station in Gardabani (near Tbilisi); Thermal power station in Tkvarcheli; Oil refinery in Batumi;Metallurgical plant in Rustavi; Ferro-manganese alloys plant in Zestafoni;
Chemical plant in Rustavi; Truck manufacturing plant in Kutaisi; Cement plant in Kaspi; Cement plant in Rustavi.
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 Gardabani Power station, Kvemo Kartli Region |
| Ambient Air Quality:
In 11 towns at 34 stationary measuring
stations concentrations by dust, SO2, NOx and CO
were measured. Concentrations of some specific substances were measured in Tbilisi phenol and formaldehyde concentrations were measured, in Rustavi -
ammonia, in Kutaisi - phenol, in Batumi - manganese dioxide.
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Air
Quality Data:
Carbon Monoxide: Lowest CO levels within the FSU limit of 3.0
mg/m3 were found in Batumi. Bad CO conditions were found in the other cities.
Worst CO conditions were reported for stations in Kutaisi and Tbilisi, with yearly average
CO levels (24 hours) were in the order of more than 2 times the limit. (Tbilisi station
no. 1, 2, 6 and 28). A tendency of worsening CO data was found in Tbilisi.
Nitrogen Dioxide:
NO2 concentrations generally did
not meet the FSU limit of 0.04 mg/m3, except in the early period in Batumi
stations. After 1988, the situation worsened in all cities and NO2 limits were
not met even in Batumi.
Nitrogen Monoxide: NO concentrations generally met the FSU limit of
0.06 mg/m3, except in Rustavi station no. 9, likely affected by the plume of
the Gardabini stack. The limit was in this case exceeded by a factor 1.4.
Dust: The former FSU limit of 0.15 mg/m3 was
exceeded virtually everywhere, except in the Batumi stations no. 1 and 2. Worst conditions
were reported for stations no. 2, 3, 4 and 8 in Kutaisi. An absolute maximum yearly
averaged dust concentration of 1.6 mg/m3 (24 hours), more than 12 times the FSU
limit value, was recorded in Kutaisi station no. 4. This could be due to the litophone
plant, operating near the city center.
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Georgian American Oil Refinery, Kvemo Kartli |
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Energy
Sector: In 1990 annual consumption of energetic resources in Georgia
constituted approx. 17 million tons of coal equiv. (TCE). 85% of these resources
were imported. 17% of all energy resources were consumed in thermal power stations,
21% in district heating systems, 28% in industry and 12% by public transport. Household
consumption of energy resources, including supply of natural gas, heat, hot water,
electricity, and also fuel for private use, including petrol for private vehicles,
constituted 20% of the whole country consumption.
Annual consumption of electricity in 1990 constituted 13,621 GWh. If
net loses are taken into account, the whole consumption comes to 17,154 GWh.
Hydropower stations produced 44 %, thermal power stations produced 36.5 %, and the remaining 19.5% of electricity was imported.
Because the non renewable resources like oil, oil products, liquefied
and natural gas and bituminous coal were available abundantly, little attention was paid
to renewable resources like wind, solar energy, geothermal and hydropower. Nor were
efforts made in energy saving.
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Air Pollution by Wastes
As a result of
human activities, the concentration of methane in the atmosphere has doubled
since the industrial revolution. Georgia as well as other countries of the
world should recognize that no long-term climate protection program can
succeed unless we also control CO2 emissions, actions we take
today to reduce methane emissions can have a substantial impact on the rate
and level of future climate change.
Many human activities in the republic, ranging from power plants to cars to
homes, add green house gases (GHG) to the atmosphere and address
climate change with accompanied impact.
The waste is a major source of methane, which is 21 times more potent per
molecule then carbon dioxide in trapping heat in the atmosphere.
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Pollution by Wastes, Kvemo Kartli Region |
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References:
NBSSAP, NEAP,
Hydrometeorological Department of the Ministry of Environment, ICFER
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Center for Environmental Research |
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